(entire text)

                                         ----OXO----

PREFACE TO DESIDERIUS.

    SEVERUS to his dearest brother Desiderius sendeth greeting.  I had

determined, my like-minded brother, to keep private, and confine within the

walls of my own house, the little treatise which I had written concerning the

life of St. Martin.  I did so, as I am not gifted with much talent, and shrank

from the criticisms of the world, lest (as I think will be the case) my

somewhat unpolished style should displease my readers, and I should be deemed

highly worthy of general reprehension for having too boldly laid hold of a

subject which ought to have been reserved for truly eloquent writers.  But I

have not been able to refuse your request again and again presented.  For what

could there be which I would not grant in deference to your love, even at the

expense of my own modesty?  However, I have submitted the work to you on the

sure understanding that you will reveal it to no other, having received your

promise to that effect.  Nevertheless, I have my fears that you will become

the means of its publication to the world; and I well know that, once issued,

it can never [1] be recalled.  If this shall happen, and you come to know that

it is read by some others, you will, I trust, kindly ask the readers to attend

to the facts related, rather than the language in which they are set forth. 

You will beg them not to be offended if the style chances unpleasantly to

affect their ears, because the kingdom of God consists not of eloquence, but

faith.  Let them also bear in mind that salvation was preached to the world,

not by orators, but by fishermen, although God could certainly have adopted

the other course, had it been advantageous.  For my part, indeed, when I first

applied my mind to writing what follows, because I thought it disgraceful that

the excellences of so great a man should remain concealed, I resolved with

myself not to feel ashamed on account of solecisms of language.  This I did

because I had never attained to any great knowledge of such things; or, if I

had formerly some taste of studies of the kind, I had lost the whole of that,

through having neglected these matters for so long a course of time.  But,

after all, that I may not have in future to adopt such an irksome mode of

self-defense, the best way will be that the book should be published, if you

think right, with the author's name suppressed.  In order that this may be

done, kindly erase the title which the book bears on its front, so that the

page may be silent; and (what is quite enough) let the book proclaim its

subject-matter, while it tells nothing of the author.

Note for Preface

     1. "Delere licebit

Quod non edideris: nescit vox missa reverti."

                          -- Hor. Art Poet. 389-90.

CHAPTER I.

Reasons for writing the Life of St. Martin.

    Most men being vainly devoted to the pursuit of worldly glory, have, as

they imagined, acquired a memorial of their own names from this source; viz.

devoting their pens to the embellishment of the lives of famous men.  This

course, although it did not secure for them a lasting reputation, still has

undoubtedly brought them some fulfilment of the hope they cherished.  It has

done so, both by preserving their own memory, though to no purpose, and

because, through their having presented to the world the examples of great

men, no small emulation has been excited in the bosoms of their readers.  Yet,

notwithstanding these things, their labors have in no degree borne upon the

blessed and never-ending life to which we look forward.  For what has a glory,

destined to perish with the world, profited those men themselves who have

written on mere secular matters?  Or what benefit has posterity derived from

reading of Hector as a warrior, or Socrates as an expounder of philosophy?

There can be no profit in such things, since it is not only folly to imitate

the persons referred to, but absolute madness not to assail them with the

utmost severity.  For, in truth, those persons who estimate human life only by

present actions, have consigned their hopes to fables, and their souls to the

tomb.  In fact, they gave themselves up to be perpetuated simply in the memory

of mortals, whereas it is the duty of man rather to seek after eternal life

than an eternal memorial and that, not by writing, or fighting, or

philosophizing, but by living a pious, holy, and religious life.  This

erroneous conduct of mankind, being enshrined in literature, has prevailed to

such an extent that it has found many who have been emulous either of the vain

philosophy or the foolish excellence which has been celebrated.  For this

reason, I think I will accomplish something well worth the necessary pains, if

I write the life of a most holy man, which shall serve in future as an example

to others; by which, indeed, the readers shall be roused to the pursuit of

true knowledge, and heavenly warfare, and divine virtue.  In so doing, we have

regard also to our own advantage, so that we may look for, not a vain

remembrance among men, but an eternal reward from God.  For, although we

ourselves have not lived in such a manner that we can serve for an example to

others, nevertheless, we have made it our endeavor that he should not remain

unknown who was a man worthy of imitation.  I shall therefore set about

writing the life of St. Martin, and shall narrate both what he did previous to

his episcopate, and what he performed as a bishop.  At the same time, I cannot

hope to set forth all that he was or did.  Those excellences of which he alone

was conscious are completely unknown, because, as he did not seek for honor

from men, he desired, as much as he could accomplish it, that his virtues

should be concealed.  And even of those which had become known to us, we have

omitted a great number, because we have judged it enough if only the more

striking and eminent should be recorded.  At the same time, I had in the

interests of readers to see to it that, no undue amount of instances being set

before them should make them weary of the subject.  But I implore those who

are to read what follows to give full faith to the things narrated, and to

believe that I have written nothing of which I had not certain knowledge and

evidence.  I should, in fact, have preferred to be silent rather than to

narrate things which are false. [1]

Note for Chapter 1

     1. This is a remarkable asseveration in view of the many miraculous

accounts which follow.  When we remember, on the one hand, how intimate

Sulpitius was with St. Martin, and how strongly, as in this passage, he

avouches the truth of all he narrates, it is extremely difficult to decide as

to the real value of his narrative.  It has been said (Smith's Dict. II. 967)

that Sulpitius' Life of St. Martinus is "filled with the most puerile fables,"

and undoubtedly many of the stories recorded are of that character.  But

whether, considering the close relation in which the two men stood to each

other, all the miraculous accounts are to be discredited, must be left to the

judgment of the reader.  The following valuable remarks may be quoted on this

interesting question.  "Some forty years ago," writes Dr. Cazenove, "an

audience in Oxford was listening to a professor of modern history (Dr. Arnold

of Rugby), who discussed this subject.  After pointing out the difference

between the Gospel miracles and those recorded by ecclesiastical historians,

the lecturer proceeded as follows: `Some appear to be unable to conceive of

belief or unbelief, except as having some ulterior object: "We believe this

because we love it; we disbelieve it because we wish it to be disproved." 

There is, however, in minds more healthfully constituted a belief and a

disbelief, founded solely upon the evidence of the case, arising neither out

of partiality, nor out of prejudice against the supposed conclusions, which

may result from its truth or falsehood.  And in such a spirit the historical

student will consider the case of Bede's and other historians' miracles.  He

will, I think, as a general rule, disbelieve them; for the immense multitude

which he finds recorded, and which, I suppose, no credulity could believe in,

shows sufficiently that on this point there was a total want of judgment and a

blindness of belief generally existing which make the testimony wholly

insufficient; and, while the external evidence in favor of these alleged

miracles is so unsatisfactory, there are, for the most part, strong internal

evidence against them.  But with regard to some miracles, he will see that

there is no strong a priori improbability in their occurrence, but rather the

contrary; as, for instance, when the first missionaries of the Gospel in a

barbarous country are said to have been assisted by a manifestation of the

spirit of power; and, if the evidence appears to warrant his belief, he will

readily and gladly yield it.  And in doing so he will have the countenance of

a great man (Burke) who in his fragment of English history has not hesitated

to express the same sentiments.  Nor will he be unwilling, but most thankful,

to find sufficient grounds for believing that not only at the beginning of the

Gospel, but in ages long afterwards, believing prayer has received

extraordinary answers; that it has been heard even in more than it might have

dared to ask for.  Yet, again, if the gift of faith--the gift as distinguished

from the grace--of the faith which removes mountains, has been given to any

in later times in remarkable measure, the mighty works which such faith may

have wrought cannot be incredible in themselves to those who remember our

Lord's promise, and if it appears from satisfactory evidence that they were

wrought actually, we shall believe them,--and believe with joy.  Only as it is

in most cases impossible to admit the trustworthiness of the evidence, our

minds must remain at the most in a state of suspense; and I do not know why it

is necessary to come to any positive decision.'"--"The Fathers for English

Readers": St. Hilary of Poitiers and St. Martin of Tours, p. 191.

     On this subject it has lately been said: "Most, if not all, of the

so-called miracles which were supposed to surround Martin with a blaze of glory

were either absolutely and on the face of them false; or were gross

exaggerations of natural events; or were subjective impressions clothed in

objective images; or were the distortions of credulous rumor; or at the best

cannot claim in their favor a single particle of trustworthy evidence.  They

cannot be narrated as though they were actual events.  Martin was an eminent

bishop, but half of the wonderful deeds attributed to him are unworthy and

absurd."--Farrar's Lives of the Fathers, I. 644.

CHAPTER II.

Military Service of St. Martin.

    MARTIN, then, was born at Sabaria [1] in Pannonia, but was brought up at

Ticinum, [2] which is situated in Italy.  His parents were, according to the

judgment of the world, of no mean rank, but were heathens.  His father was at

first simply a soldier, but afterwards a military tribune.  He himself in his

youth following military pursuits was enrolled in the imperial guard, first

under king Constantine, and then under Julian Caesar.  This, however, was not

done of his own free will, for, almost from his earliest years, the holy

infancy of the illustrious boy aspired rather to the service of God. [3]  For,

when he was of the age of ten years, he betook himself, against the wish of

his parents, to the Church, and begged that he might become a catechumen. 

Soon afterwards, becoming in a wonderful manner completely devoted to the

service of God, when he was twelve years old, he desired to enter on the life

of a hermit; and he would have followed up that desire with the necessary

vows, had not his as yet too youthful age prevented.  His mind, however, being

always engaged on matters pertaining to the monasteries or the Church, already

meditated in his boyish years what he afterwards, as a professed servant of

Christ, fulfilled.  But when an edict was issued by the ruling powers [4] in

the state, that the sons of veterans should be enrolled for military service,

and he, on the information furnished by his father, (who looked with an evil

eye on his blessed actions) having been seized and put in chains, when he was

fifteen years old, was compelled to take the military oath, then showed

himself content with only one servant as his attendant.  And even to him,

changing places as it were, he often acted as though, while really master, he

had been inferior; to such a degree that, for the most part, he drew off his

[servant's] boots and cleaned them with his own hand; while they took their

meals together, the real master, however, generally acting the part of

servant.  During nearly three years before his baptism, he was engaged in the

profession of arms, but he kept completely free from those vices in which that

class of men become too frequently involved.  He showed exceeding kindness

towards his fellow-soldiers, and held them in wonderful affection; while his

patience and humility surpassed what seemed possible to human nature.  There

is no need to praise the self-denial which he displayed: it was so great that,

even at that date, he was regarded not so much as being a soldier as a monk.

By all these qualities he had so endeared himself to the whole body of his

comrades, that they esteemed him while they marvelously loved him.  Although

not yet made a new creature [5] in Christ, he, by his good works, acted the

part of a candidate for baptism.  This he did, for instance, by aiding those

who were in trouble, by furnishing assistance to the wretched, by supporting

the needy, by clothing the naked, while he reserved nothing for himself from

his military pay except what was necessary for his daily sustenance.  Even

then, far from being a senseless hearer of the Gospel, he so far complied with

its precepts as to take no thought about the morrow.

Notes for Chapter 2

     1. Sarwar.

     2. Pavia.

     3. The text is here corrupt and uncertain, but the general meaning is

plain to the above effect.  Hahn has adopted "divinam servitutem," instead of

the common "divina servitute."

     4. Sulpitius uses reges instead of the more common expression

imperatores.

     5. Sulpitius manifestly refers to baptism in these words.  However

mistakenly, several others of the early Fathers held that regeneration does

not take place before baptism, and that baptism is, in fact, absolutely

necessary to regeneration.  St. Ambrose has the following strong statement on

the subject: "Credit catechumenus: sed nisi baptizetur, remissionem peccatorum

non potest obtinere."--Libri de his, qui initiantur mysteriis, chap. 4.

CHAPTER III.

Christ appears to St. Martin.

    ACCORDINGLY, at a certain period, when he had nothing except his arms and

his simple military dress, in the middle of winter, a winter which had shown

itself more severe than ordinary, so that the extreme cold was proving fatal

to many, he happened to meet at the gate of the city of Amiens [1] a poor man

destitute of clothing.  He was entreating those that passed by to have

compassion upon him, but all passed the wretched man without notice, when

Martin, that man full of God, recognized that a being to whom others showed no

pity, was, in that respect, left to him.  Yet, what should he do?  He had

nothing except the cloak in which he was clad, for he had already parted with

the rest of his garments for similar purposes.  Taking, therefore, his sword

with which he was girt, he divided his cloak into two equal parts, and gave

one part to the poor man, while he again clothed himself with the remainder.

Upon this, some of the by-standers laughed, because he was now an unsightly

object, and stood out as but partly dressed.  Many, however, who were of

sounder understanding, groaned deeply because they themselves had done nothing

similar.  They especially felt this, because, being possessed of more than

Martin, they could have clothed the poor man without reducing themselves to

nakedness.  In the following night, when Martin had resigned himself to sleep,

he had a vision of Christ arrayed in that part of his cloak with which he had

clothed the poor man.  He contemplated the Lord with the greatest attention,

and was told to own as his the robe which he had given.  Ere long, he heard

Jesus saying with a clear voice to the multitude of angels standing round --

"Martin, who is still but a catechumen, clothed [2] me with this robe."  The

Lord, truly mindful of his own words (who had said when on earth -- "Inasmuch

[3] as ye have done these things to one of the least of these, ye have done

them unto me), declared that he himself had been clothed in that poor man; and

to confirm the testimony he bore to so good a deed, he condescended to show

him himself in that very dress which the poor man had received.  After this

vision the sainted man was not puffed up with human glory, but, acknowledging

the goodness of God in what had been done, and being now of the age of twenty

years, he hastened to receive baptism.  He did not, however, all at once,

retire from military service, yielding to the entreaties of his tribune, whom

he admitted to be his familiar tent-companion. [4]  For the tribune promised

that, after the period of his office had expired, he too would retire from the

world.  Martin, kept back by the expectation of this event, continued,

although but in name, to act the part of a soldier, for nearly two years after

he had received baptism.

Notes for Chapter 3

     1. The place here called by Sulpitius "Ambianensium civitas" was also

known as "Samarobriva," and is supposed to be the modern Amiens.

     2. St. Matt. xxv. 40.

     3. There is a peculiar use of quamdiu in the old Latin rendering of the

passage here quoted.  It is used as an equivalent for the Greek eph hoson, no

doubt with the meaning "inasmuch as."

     4. Comp. Tacitus, Agric. Chap. 5, "electus, quem contubernio aestimaret."

CHAPTER IV.

Martin retires from Military Service.

    IN the meantime, as the barbarians were rushing within the two divisions

of Gaul, Julian Caesar, [1] bringing an army together at the city [2] of the

Vaugiones, began to distribute a donative to the soldiers.  As was the custom

in such a case, they were called forward, one by one, until it came to the

turn of Martin.  Then, indeed, judging it a suitable opportunity for seeking

his discharge--for he did not think it would be proper for him, if he were not

to continue in the service, to receive a donative--he said to Caesar,

"Hitherto I have served you as a soldier: allow me now to become a soldier to

God: let the man who is to serve thee receive thy donative: I am the soldier

of Christ: it is not lawful for me to fight."  Then truly the tyrant stormed

on hearing such words, declaring that, from fear of the battle, which was to

take place on the morrow, and not from any religious feeling, Martin withdrew

from the service.  But Martin, full of courage, yea all the more resolute from

the danger that had been set before him, exclaims, "If this conduct of mine is

ascribed to cowardice, and not to faith, I will take my stand unarmed before

the line of battle tomorrow, and in the name of the Lord Jesus, protected by

the sign of the cross, and not by shield or helmet, I will safely penetrate

the ranks of the enemy."  He is ordered, therefore, to be thrust back into

prison, determined on proving his words true by exposing himself unarmed to

the barbarians.  But, on the following day, the enemy sent ambassadors to

treat about peace and surrendered both themselves and all their possessions.

In these circumstances who can doubt that this victory was due to the saintly

man?  It was granted him that he should not be sent unarmed to the fight.  And

although the good Lord could have preserved his own soldier, even amid the

swords and darts of the enemy, yet that his blessed eyes might not be pained

by witnessing the death of others, he removed all necessity for fighting.  For

Christ did not require to secure any other victory in behalf of his own

soldier, than that, the enemy being subdued without bloodshed, no one should

suffer death.

Notes for Chapter 4

     1. Commonly known as Julian the Apostate.

     2. This city was called Borbetomagus, and is represented by the modern

Worms.

CHAPTER V.

Martin converts a Robber to the Faith.

    FROM that time quitting military service, Martin earnestly sought after

the society of Hilarius, bishop of the city Pictava, [1] whose faith in the

things of God was then regarded as of high renown, and in universal esteem.

For some time Martin made his abode with him.  Now, this same Hilarius, having

instituted him in the office of the diaconate, endeavored still more closely

to attach him to himself, and to bind him by leading him to take part in

Divine service.  But when he constantly refused, crying out that he was

unworthy, Hilarius, as being a man of deep penetration, perceived that he

could only be constrained in this way, if he should lay that sort of office

upon him, in discharging which there should seem to be a kind of injury done

him.  He therefore appointed him to be an exorcist.  Martin did not refuse

this appointment, from the fear that he might seem to have looked down upon it

as somewhat humble.  Not long after this, he was warned in a dream that he

should visit his native land, and more particularly his parents, who were

still involved in heathenism, with a regard for their religious interests.  He

set forth in accordance with the expressed wish of the holy Hilarius, and,

after being adjured by him with many prayers and tears, that he would in due

time return.  According to report Martin entered on that journey in a

melancholy frame of mind, after calling the brethren to witness that many

sufferings lay before him.  The result fully justified this prediction.  For,

first of all, having followed some devious paths among the Alps, he fell into

the hands of robbers.  And when one of them lifted up his axe and poised it

above Martin's head, another of them met with his right hand the blow as it

fell; nevertheless, having had his hands bound behind his back, he was handed

over to one of them to be guarded and stripped.  The robber, having led him to

a private place apart from the rest, began to enquire of him who he was.  Upon

this, Martin replied that he was a Christian.  The robber next asked him

whether he was afraid.  Then indeed Martin most courageously replied that he

never before had felt so safe, because he knew that the mercy of the Lord

would be especially present with him in the midst of trials.  He added that he

grieved rather for the man in whose hands he was, because, by living a life of

robbery, he was showing himself unworthy of the mercy of Christ.  And then

entering on a discourse concerning Evangelical truth, he preached the word of

God to the robber.  Why should I delay stating the result?  The robber

believed; and, after expressing his respect for Martin, he restored him to the

way, entreating him to pray the Lord for him.  That same robber was afterwards

seen leading a religious life; so that, in fact, the narrative I have given

above is based upon an account furnished by himself.

Note for Chapter 5

     1. This was a city of the Pictones (or Pictavi) who are mentioned by

Caesar, Bell. Gall. iii. 11.  Their territory corresponded to the modern

diocese of Poitiers.

CHAPTER VI.

The Devil throws himself in the Way of Martin.

    MARTIN, then, having gone on from thence, after he had passed Milan, the

devil met him in the way, having assumed the form of a man.  The devil first

asked him to what place he was going.  Martin having answered him to the

effect that he was minded to go whithersoever the Lord called him, the devil

said to him, "Wherever you go, or whatever you attempt, the devil will resist

you."  Then Martin, replying to him in the prophetical word, said, "The Lord

is my helper; I will not fear what man can do unto me." [1]  Upon this, his

enemy immediately vanished out of his sight; and thus, as he had intended in

his heart and mind, he set free his mother from the errors of heathenism,

though his father continued to cleave to its evils.  However, he saved many by

his example.

    After this, when the Arian heresy had spread through the whole world, and

was especially powerful in Illyria, and when he, almost single-handed, was

fighting most strenuously against the treachery of the priests, and had been

subjected to many punishments (for he was publicly scourged, and at last was

compelled to leave the city), again betaking himself to Italy, and having

found the Church in the two divisions of Gaul in a distracted condition

through the departure also of the holy Hilarius, whom the violence of the

heretics had driven into exile, he established a monastery for himself at

Milan.  There, too, Auxentius, the originator and leader of the Arians,

bitterly persecuted him; and, after he had assailed him with many injuries,

violently expelled him from the city.  Thinking, therefore, that it was

necessary to yield to circumstances, he withdrew to the island Gallinaria, [2]

with a certain presbyter as his companion, a man of distinguished excellences.

Here he subsisted for some time on the roots of plants; and, while doing so,

he took for food hellebore, which is, as people say, a poisonous kind of

grass.  But when he perceived the strength of the poison increasing within

him, and death now nearly at hand, he warded off the imminent danger by means

of prayer, and immediately all his pains were put to flight.  And not long

after having discovered that, through penitence on the part of the king,

permission to return had been granted to holy Hilarius, he made an effort to

meet him at Rome, and, with this view, set out for that city.

Notes for Chapter 6

     1. Comp. Ps. cxviii. 6.

     2. An island near Albium Ingaunum--the modern Allenga, on the Gulf of

Genoa.  The island was so named for abounding in fowls in a half-tamed state. 

It still bears the name of Gallinaria.

CHAPTER VII.

Martin restores a Catechumen to Life.

    AS Hilarius had already gone away, so Martin followed in his footsteps;

and having been most joyously welcomed by him, he established for himself a

monastery not far from the town.  At this time a certain catechumen joined

him, being desirous of becoming instructed in the doctrines [1] and habits of

the most holy man.  But, after the lapse only of a few days, the catechumen,

seized with a languor, began to suffer from a violent fever.  It so happened

that Martin had then left home, and having remained away three days, he found

on his return that life had departed from the catechumen; and so suddenly had

death occurred, that he had left this world without receiving baptism.  The

body being laid out in public was being honored by the last sad offices on the

part of the mourning brethren, when Martin hurries up to them with tears and

lamentations.  But then laying hold; as it were, of the Holy Spirit, with the

whole powers of his mind, he orders the others to quit the cell in which the

body was lying; and bolting the door, he stretches himself at full length on

the dead limbs of the departed brother.  Having given himself for some time to

earnest prayer, and perceiving by means of the Spirit of God that power was

present, [2] he then rose up for a little, and gazing on the countenance of

the deceased, he waited without misgiving for the result of his prayer and of

the mercy of the Lord.  And scarcely had the space of two hours elapsed, when

he saw the dead man begin to move a little in all his members, and to tremble

with his eyes opened for the practice of sight.  Then indeed, turning to the

Lord with a loud voice and giving thanks, he filled the cell with his

ejaculations.  Hearing the noise, those who had been standing at the door

immediately rush inside.  And truly a marvelous spectacle met them, for they

beheld the man alive whom they had formerly left dead.  Thus being restored to

life, and having immediately obtained baptism, he lived for many years

afterwards; and he was the first who offered himself to us both as a subject

that had experienced the virtues [3] of Martin, and as a witness to their

existence.  The same man was wont to relate that, when he left the body, he

was brought before the tribunal of the Judge, and being assigned to gloomy

regions and vulgar crowds, he received a severe [4] sentence.  Then, however,

he added, it was suggested by two angels of the Judge that he was the man for

whom Martin was praying; and that, on this account, he was ordered to be led

back by the same angels, and given up to Martin, and restored to his former

life.  From this time forward, the name of the sainted man became illustrious,

so that, as being reckoned holy by all, he was also deemed powerful and truly

apostolical.

Notes for Chapter 7

     1. All this seems to be implied in the words "institui disciplinis."

     2. "adesse virtutem."

     3. Or "powers" according to the use of the Greek word dynamis in St. Luke

viii. 46.

     4. Here again it is to be noted what fatal consequences were supposed to

flow from dying without receiving baptism.

CHAPTER VIII.

Martin restores one that had been strangled.

    NOT long after these events, while Martin was passing by the estate of a

certain man named Lupicinus, who was held in high esteem according to the

judgment of the world, he was received with shouting and the lamentations of a

wailing crowd.  Having, in an anxious state of mind gone up to that multitude,

and enquired what such weeping meant, he was told that one of the slaves of

the family had put an end to his life by hanging.  Hearing this, Martin

entered the cell in which the body was lying, and, excluding all the

multitude, he stretched himself upon the body, and spent some little time in

prayer.  Ere long, the deceased, with life beaming in his countenance, and

with his drooping eyes fixed on Martin's face, is aroused; and with a gentle

effort attempting to rise, he laid hold of the right hand of the saintly man,

and by this means stood upon his feet.  In this manner, while the whole

multitude looked on, he walked along with Martin to the porch of the house.

CHAPTER IX.

High Esteem in which Martin was held.

    NEARLY about the same time, Martin was called upon to undertake the

episcopate of the church at Tours; [1] but when he could not easily be drawn

forth from his monastery, a certain Ruricius, one of the citizens, pretending

that his wife was ill, and casting himself down at his knees, prevailed on him

to go forth.  Multitudes of the citizens having previously been posted by the

road on which he traveled, he is thus under a kind of guard escorted to the

city.  An incredible number of people not only from that town, but also from

the neighboring cities, had, in a wonderful manner, assembled to give their

votes. [2]  There was but one wish among all, there were the same prayers, and

there was the same fixed opinion to the effect that Martin was most worthy of

the episcopate, and that the church would be happy with such a priest.  A few

persons, however, and among these some of the bishops, who had been summoned

to appoint a chief priest, were impiously offering resistance, asserting

forsooth that Martin's person was contemptible, that he was unworthy of the

episcopate, that he was a man despicable in countenance, that his clothing was

mean, and his hair disgusting.  This madness of theirs was ridiculed by the

people of sounder judgment, inasmuch as such objectors only proclaimed the

illustrious character of the man, while they sought to slander him.  Nor truly

was it allowed them to do anything else, than what the people, following the

Divine will, desired [3] to be accomplished.  Among the bishops, however, who

had been present, a certain one of the name Defensor is said to have specially

offered opposition; and on this account it was observed that he was at the

time severely censured in the reading from the prophets.  For when it so

happened that the reader, whose duty it was to read in public that day, being

blocked out by the people, failed to appear, the officials falling into

confusion, while they waited for him who never came, one of those standing by,

laying hold of the Psalter, seized upon the first verse which presented itself

to him.  Now, the Psalm ran thus: "Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings

thou hast perfected praise because of thine enemies, that thou mightest

destroy the enemy and the avenger." [4]  On these words being read, a shout

was raised by the people, and the opposite party were confounded.  It was

believed that this Psalm had been chosen by Divine ordination, that Defensor

[5] might hear a testimony to his own work, because the praise of the Lord was

perfected out of the mouth of babes and sucklings in the case of Martin, while

the enemy was at the same time both pointed out and destroyed.

Notes for Chapter 9

     1. The Turones occupied territory on both sides of the river Loire. 

Caesar refers to them (Bell. Gall. ii. 35, &c.).  Their chief town was named

Caesarodunum, the modern Tours.

     2. It is clear from this passage that the people at large were accustomed

in ancient times to give their votes on the appointment of a bishop.

     3. Here we adopt Halm's reading "cogitabat," in preference to the usual

"cogebat."

     4. Ps. viii. 3.

     5. The word translated "avenger" in the English A. V. is "defensor" in the

Vulgate, and thus the man referred to would have seemed to be expressly named.

CHAPTER X.

Martin as Bishop of Tours.

    AND now having entered on the episcopal office, it is beyond my power

fully to set forth how Martin distinguished himself in the discharge of its

duties.  For he remained with the utmost constancy, the same as he had been

before.  There was the same humility in his heart, and the same homeliness in

his garments.  Full alike of dignity and courtesy, he kept up the position of

a bishop properly, yet in such a way as not to lay aside the objects and

virtues of a monk.  Accordingly he made use, for some time, of the cell

connected with the church but afterwards, when he felt it impossible to

tolerate the disturbance caused by the numbers of those visiting it, he

established a monastery for himself about two miles outside the city.  This

spot was so secret and retired that he enjoyed in it the solitude of a hermit.

For, on one side, it was surrounded by a precipitous rock of a lofty mountain,

while the river Loire had shut in the rest of the plain by a bay extending

back for a little distance; and the place could be approached only by one, and

that a very narrow passage.  Here, then, he possessed a cell constructed of

wood.  Many also of the brethren had, in the same manner, fashioned retreats

for themselves, but most of them had formed these out of the rock of the

overhanging mountain, hollowed into caves.  There were altogether eighty

disciples, who were being disciplined after the example of the saintly master.

No one there had anything which was called his own; all things were possessed

in common.  It was not allowed either to buy or to sell anything, as is the

custom among most monks.  No art was practiced there, except that of

transcribers, and even this was assigned to the brethren of younger years,

while the elders spent their time in prayer.  Rarely did any one of them go

beyond the cell, unless when they assembled at the place of prayer.  They all

took their food together, after the hour of fasting was past.  No one used

wine, except when illness compelled them to do so.  Most of them were clothed

in garments of camels' hair. [1]  Any dress approaching to softness [2] was

there deemed criminal, and this must be thought the more remarkable, because

many among them were such as are deemed of noble rank.  These, though far

differently brought up, had forced themselves down to this degree of humility

and patient endurance, and we have seen numbers of these afterwards made

bishops.  For what city or church would there be that would not desire to have

its priests from among those in the monastery of Martin?

Notes for Chapter 10

     2. In St. Matt. xi. 8, there is a reference to those "that wear soft

clothing,"--hoi ta malaka phorountes.

CHAPTER XI.

Martin demolishes an Altar consecrated to a Robber.

    BUT let me proceed to a description of other excellences which Martin

displayed as a bishop.  There was, not far from the town, a place very close

to the monastery, which a false human opinion had consecrated, on the

supposition that some martyrs had been buried together there.  For it was also

believed that an altar had been placed there by former bishops.  But Martin,

not inclined to give a hasty belief to things uncertain, often asked from

those who were his elders, whether among the presbyters or clerics, that the

name of the martyr, or the time when he suffered, should be made known to him.

He did so, he said, because he had great scruples on these points, inasmuch as

no steady tradition respecting them had come down from antiquity.  Having,

therefore, for a time kept away from the place, by no means wishing to lessen

the religious veneration with which it was regarded, because he was as yet

uncertain, but, at the same time not lending his authority to the opinion of

the multitude, lest a mere superstition should obtain a firmer footing, he one

day went out to the place, taking a few brethren with him as companions. 

There standing above the very sepulchre, Martin prayed to the Lord that he

would reveal, who the man in question was, and what was his character or

desert.  Next turning to the left-hand side, he sees standing very near a

shade of a mean and cruel appearance.  Martin commands him to tell his name

and character.  Upon this, he declares his name, and confesses his guilt. He

says that he had been a robber, and that he was beheaded on account of his

crimes; that he had been honored simply by an error of the multitude; that he

had nothing in common with the martyrs, since glory was their portion, while

punishment exacted its penalties from him.  Those who stood by heard, in a

wonderful way, the voice of the speaker, but they beheld no person.  Then

Martin made known what he had seen, and ordered the altar which had been there

to be removed, and thus he delivered the people from the error of that

superstition.

CHAPTER XII.

Martin causes the Bearers of a Dead Body to stop.

    NOW, it came to pass some time after the above, that while Martin was

going a journey, he met the body of a certain heathen, which was being carried

to the tomb with superstitious funeral rites.  Perceiving from a distance the

crowd that was approaching, and being ignorant as to what was going on, he

stood still for a little while. For there was a distance of nearly half a mile

between him and the crowd, so that it was difficult to discover what the

spectacle he beheld really was.  Nevertheless, because he saw it was a rustic

gathering, and when the linen clothes spread over the body were blown about by

the action of the wind, he believed that some profane rites of sacrifice were

being performed.  This thought occurred to him, because it was the custom of

the Gallic rustics in their wretched folly to carry about through the fields

the images of demons veiled with a white covering.  Lifting up, therefore, the

sign of the cross opposite to them, he commanded the crowd not to move from

the place in which they were, and to set down the burden.  Upon this, the

miserable creatures might have been seen at first to become stiff like rocks.

Next, as they endeavored, with every possible effort, to move forward, but

were not able to take a step farther, they began to whirl themselves about in

the most ridiculous fashion, until, not able any longer to sustain the weight,

they set down the dead body.  Thunderstruck, and gazing in bewilderment at

each other as not knowing what had happened to them, they remained sunk in

silent thought.  But when the saintly man discovered that they were simply a

band of peasants celebrating funeral rites, and not sacrifices to the gods,

again raising his hand, he gave them the power of going away, and of lifting

up the body.  Thus he both compelled them to stand when he pleased, and

permitted them to depart when he thought good.

CHAPTER XIII.

Martin escapes from a Falling Pine-tree.

    AGAIN, when in a certain village he had demolished a very ancient temple,

and had set about cutting down a pine-tree, which stood close to the temple,

the chief priest of that place, and a crowd of other heathens began to oppose

him.  And these people, though, under the influence of the Lord, they had been

quiet while the temple was being overthrown, could not patiently allow the

tree to be cut down.  Martin carefully instructed them that there was nothing

sacred in the trunk of a tree, and urged them rather to honor God whom he

himself served.  He added that there was a moral necessity why that tree

should be cut down, because it had been dedicated to a demon.  Then one of

them who  was bolder than the others says, "If you have any trust in thy God,

whom you say you worship, we ourselves will cut down this tree, and be it your

part to receive it when falling; for if, as you declare, your Lord is with

you, you will escape all injury."  Then Martin, courageously trusting in the

Lord, promises that he would do what had been asked.  Upon this, all that

crowd of heathen agreed to the condition named; for they held the loss of

their tree a small matter, if only they got the enemy of their religion buried

beneath its fall.  Accordingly, since that pine-tree was hanging over in one

direction, so that there was no doubt to what side it would fall on being cut,

Martin, having been bound, is, in accordance with the decision of these

pagans, placed in that spot where, as no one doubted, the tree was about to

fall.  They began, therefore, to cut down their own tree, with great glee and

joyfulness, while there was at some distance a great multitude of wondering

spectators.  And now the pine-tree began to totter, and to threaten its [1]

own ruin by falling.  The monks at a distance grew pale, and, terrified by the

danger ever coming nearer, had lost all hope and confidence, expecting only

the death of Martin.  But he, trusting in the Lord, and waiting courageously,

when now the falling pine had uttered its expiring crash, while it was now

falling, while it was just rushing upon him, simply holding up his hand

against it, he put in its way the sign of salvation.  Then, indeed, after the

manner of a spinning-top (one might have thought it driven [2] back), it swept

round to the opposite side, to such a degree that it almost crushed the

rustics, who had taken their places there in what was deemed a safe spot.

Then truly, a shout being raised to heaven, the heathen were amazed by the

miracle, while the monks wept for joy; and the name of Christ was in common

extolled by all.  The well-known result was that on that day salvation came to

that region.  For there was hardly one of that immense multitude of heathens

who did not express a desire for the imposition of hands, and abandoning his

impious errors, made a profession of faith in the Lord Jesus.  Certainly,

before the times of Martin, very few, nay, almost none, in those regions had

received the name of Christ; but through his virtues and example that name has

prevailed to such an extent, that now there is no place thereabouts which is

not filled either with very crowded churches or monasteries.  For wherever he

destroyed heathen temples, there he used immediately to build either churches

or monasteries. 

Notes for Chapter 13

     1. Perhaps "suam" here stands for "ejus," as in other passages of our

author.  The meaning will then be, "and to threaten his (Martin's) destruction

by falling."

     2. It seems better to preserve the parenthesis than to translate the

words as they stand in Halm's text, "tum vero--velut turbinis modo retro actam

putares--diversam in partem ruit."

CHAPTER XIV.

Martin destroys Heathen Temples and Altars.

    NOR did he show less eminence, much about the same time, in other

transactions of a like kind.  For, having in a certain village set fire to a

very ancient and celebrated temple, the circle of flames was carried by the

action of the wind upon a house which was very close to, yea, connected with,

the temple.  When Martin perceived this, he climbed by rapid ascent to the

roof of the house, presenting himself in front of the advancing flames.  Then

indeed might the fire have been seen thrust back in a wonderful manner against

the force of the wind, so that there appeared a sort of conflict of the two

elements fighting together.  Thus, by the influence of Martin, the fire only

acted in the place where it was ordered to do so.  But in a village which was

named Leprosum, when he too wished to overthrow a temple which had acquired

great wealth through the superstitious ideas entertained of its sanctity, a

multitude of the heathen resisted him to such a degree that he was driven back

not without bodily injury.  He, therefore, withdrew to a place in the

vicinity, and there for three days, clothed in sackcloth [1] and ashes fasting

and praying the whole time, he besought the Lord, that, as he had not been

able to overthrow that temple by human effort, Divine power might be exerted

to destroy it.  Then two angels, with spears and shields after the manner of

heavenly warriors, suddenly presented themselves to him, saying that they were

sent by the Lord to put to flight the rustic multitude, and to furnish

protection to Martin, lest, while the temple was being destroyed, any one

should offer resistance.  They told him therefore to return, and complete the

blessed work which he had begun.  Accordingly Martin returned to the village;

and while the crowds of heathen looked on in perfect quiet as he razed the

pagan temple even to the foundations, he also reduced all the altars and

images to dust.  At this sight the rustics, when they perceived that they had

been so astounded and terrified by an intervention of the Divine will, that

they might not be found fighting against the bishop, almost all believed in

the Lord Jesus.  They then began to cry out openly and to confess that the God

of Martin ought to be worshiped, and that the idols should be despised, which

were not able to help them.

Note for Chapter 14

     1. Literally "a covering made of Cilician goats' hair."  It was called

Cilicium, and was worn by soldiers and others.

CHAPTER XV.

Martin offers his Neck to an Assassin.

    I SHALL also relate what took place in the village of the AEdui.  When

Martin was there overthrowing a temple, a multitude of rustic heathen rushed

upon him in a frenzy of rage.  And when one of them, bolder than the rest,

made an attack upon him with a drawn sword, Martin, throwing back his cloak,

offered his bare neck to the assassin.  Nor did the heathen delay to strike,

but in the very act of lifting up his right arm, he fell to the ground on his

back, and being overwhelmed by the fear of God, he entreated for pardon.  Not

unlike this was that other event which happened to Martin, that when a certain

man had resolved to wound him with a knife as he was destroying some idols, at

the very moment of fetching the blow, the weapon was struck out of his hands

and disappeared.  Very frequently, too, when the pagans were addressing him to

the effect that he would not overthrow their temples, he so soothed and

conciliated the minds of the heathen by his holy discourse that, the light of

truth having been revealed to them, they themselves overthrew their own

temples.

CHAPTER XVI.

Cures effected by St. Martin.

    MOREOVER, the gift [1] of accomplishing cures was so largely possessed by

Martin, that scarcely any sick person came to him for assistance without being

at once restored to health.  This will clearly appear from the following

example.  A certain girl at Treves [2] was so completely prostrated by a

terrible paralysis that for a long time she had been quite unable to make use

of her body for any purpose, and being, as it were, already dead, only the

smallest breath of life seemed still to remain in her.  Her afflicted

relatives were standing by, expecting nothing but her death, when it was

suddenly announced that Martin had come to that city.  When the father of the

girl found that such was the case, he ran to make a request in behalf of his

all but lifeless child.  It happened that Martin had already entered the

church.  There, while the people were looking on, and in the presence of many

other bishops, the old man, uttering a cry of grief, embraced the saint's

knees and said: "My daughter is dying of a miserable kind of infirmity; and,

what is more dreadful than death itself, she is now alive only in the spirit,

her flesh being already dead before the time.  I beseech thee to go to her,

and give her thy blessing; for I believe that through you she will be restored

to health."  Martin, troubled by such an address, was bewildered, and shrank

back, saying that this was a matter not in his own hands; that the old man was

mistaken in the judgment he had formed; and that he was not worthy to be the

instrument through whom the Lord should make a display of his power.  The

father, in tears, persevered in still more earnestly pressing the case, and

entreated Martin to visit the dying girl.  At last, constrained by the bishops

standing by to go as requested, he went down to the home of the girl.  An

immense crowd was waiting at the doors, to see what the servant of the Lord

would do.  And first, betaking himself to his familiar arms in affairs of that

kind, he cast himself down on the ground and prayed.  Then gazing earnestly

upon the ailing girl, he requests that oil should be given him.  After he had

received and blessed this, he poured the powerful sacred liquid into the mouth

of the girl, and immediately her voice returned to her.  Then gradually,

through contact with him, her limbs began, one by one, to recover life, till,

at last, in the presence of the people, she arose with firm steps.

Notes for Chapter 16

     1. The Latin word gratia here corresponds to the Greek charisma.  St. Paul

says much respecting the various charismata in I Cor. xii., and speaks, among

others, of charismata iamaton (v. 9).

     2. The name Treveri at first denoted the people (as often in Caesar,

Bell. Gall. i. 37, &c.), and was afterwards applied to their chief city, the

modern Treves.

CHAPTER XVII.

Martin casts out Several Devils.

    AT the same time the servant of one Tetradius, a man of proconsular rank,

having been laid hold of by a demon, was tormented with the most miserable

results.  Martin, therefore, having been asked to lay his hands on him,

ordered the servant to be brought to him; but the evil spirit could, in no

way, be brought forth from the cell in which he was: he showed himself so

fearful, with ferocious teeth, to those who attempted to draw near.  Then

Tetradius throws himself at the feet of the saintly man, imploring that he

himself would go down to the house in which the possessed of the devil was

kept.  But Martin then declared that he could not visit the house of an

unconverted heathen.  For Tetradius, at that time, was still involved in the

errors of heathenism.  He, therefore, pledges his word that if the demon were

driven out of the boy, he would become a Christian.  Martin, then, laying his

hand upon the boy, cast the evil spirit out of him.  On seeing this, Tetradius

believed in the Lord Jesus, and immediately became a catechumen, while, not

long after, he was baptized; and he always regarded Martin with extraordinary

affection, as having been the author of his salvation.

    About the same time, having entered the dwelling of a certain householder

in the same town, he stopped short at the very threshold, and said, that he

perceived a horrible demon in the courtyard of the house.  When Martin ordered

it to depart, it laid hold of a certain member of the family, who was staying

in the inner part of the house; and the poor wretch began at once to rage with

his teeth, and to lacerate whomsoever he met.  The house was thrown into

disorder; the family was in confusion; and the people present took to flight.

Martin threw himself in the way of the frenzied creature, and first of all

commanded him to stand still.  But when he continued to gnash with his teeth,

and, with gaping mouth, was threatening to bite, Martin inserted his fingers

into his mouth, and said, "If you possess any power, devour these."  But then,

as if red-hot iron had entered his jaws, drawing his teeth far away he took

care not to touch the fingers of the saintly man; and when he was compelled by

punishments and tortures, to flee out of the possessed body, while he had no

power of escaping by the mouth, he was cast out by means of a defluxion of the

belly, leaving disgusting traces behind him.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Martin performs Various Miracles.

    IN the meanwhile, as a sudden report had troubled the city as to the

movement and inroad of the barbarians, Martin orders a possessed person to be

set before him, and commanded him to declare whether this message was true or

not.  Then he confessed that there were sixteen demons who had spread this

report among the people, in order that by the fear thus excited, Martin might

have to flee from the city, but that, in fact, nothing was less in the minds

of the barbarians than to make any inroad.  When the unclean spirit thus

acknowledged these things in the midst of the church, the city was set free

from the fear and tumult which had at the time been felt.

    At Paris, again, when Martin was entering the gate of the city, with large

crowds attending him, he gave a kiss to a leper, of miserable appearance,

while all shuddered at seeing him do so; and Martin blessed him, with the

result that he was instantly cleansed from all his misery.  On the following

day, the man appearing in the church with a healthy skin, gave thanks for the

soundness of body which he had recovered.  This fact, too, ought not to be

passed over in silence, that threads from Martin's garment, or such as had

been plucked from the sackcloth which he wore, wrought frequent miracles upon

those who were sick.  For, by either being tied round the fingers or placed

about the neck, they very often drove away diseases from the afflicted.

CHAPTER XIX.

A Letter of Martin effects a Cure, with Other Miracles.

    FURTHER, Arborius, an ex-prefect, and a man of a very holy and faithful

character, while his daughter was in agony from the burning fever of a quartan

ague, inserted in the bosom of the girl, at the very paroxysm of the heat, a

letter of Martin which happened to have been brought to him, and immediately

the fever was dispelled.  This event had such an influence upon Arborius, that

he at once consecrated the girl to God, and devoted her to perpetual

virginity.  Then, proceeding to Martin, he presented the girl to him, as an

obvious living example of his power of working miracles, inasmuch as she had

been cured by him though absent; and he would not suffer her to be consecrated

by any other than Martin, through his placing upon her the dress

characteristic of virginity.

    Paulinus, too, a man who was afterwards to furnish a striking example of

the age, having begun to suffer grievously in one of his eyes, and when a

pretty thick skin [1] having grown over it had already covered up its pupil,

Martin touched his eye with a painter's brush, and, all pain being removed,

thus restored it to its former soundness.  He himself also, when, by a certain

accident, he had fallen out of an upper room, and tumbling down a broken,

uneven stair, had received many wounds, as he lay in his cell at the point of

death, and was tortured with grievous sufferings, saw in the night an angel

appear to him, who washed his wounds, and applied healing ointment to the

bruised members of his body.  As the effect of this, he found himself on the

morrow restored to soundness of health, so that he was not thought to have

suffered any harm.  But because it would be tedious to go through everything

of this kind, let these examples suffice, as a few out of a multitude; and let

it be enough that we do not in striking cases [of miraculous interposition]

detract from the truth, while, having so many to choose from, we avoid

exciting weariness in the reader.

Note for Chapter 19

     1. "Nubes," lit. "a cloud."

CHAPTER XX.

How Martin acted towards the Emperor Maximus.

    AND here to insert some smaller matters among things so great (although

such is the nature of our times in which all things have fallen into decay and

corruption, it is almost a pre-eminent virtue for priestly firmness not to

have yielded to royal flattery), when a number of bishops from various parts

had assembled to the Emperor Maximus, a man of fierce character, and at that

time elated with the victory he had won in the civil wars, and when the

disgraceful flattery of all around the emperor was generally remarked, while

the priestly dignity had, with degenerate submissiveness, taken a second place

to the royal retinue, in Martin alone, apostolic authority continued to assert

itself.  For even if he had to make suit to the sovereign for some things, he

commanded rather than entreated him; and although often invited, he kept away

from his entertainments, saying that he could not take a place at the table of

one who, out of two emperors, had deprived one of his kingdom, and the other

of his life.  At last, when Maximus maintained that he had not of his own

accord assumed the sovereignty, but that he had simply defended by arms the

necessary requirements [1] of the empire, regard to which had been imposed

upon him by the soldiers, according to the Divine appointment, and that the

favor of God did not seem wanting to him who, by an event seemingly so

incredible, had secured the victory, adding to that the statement that none of

his adversaries had been slain except in the open field of battle, at length,

Martin, overcome either by his reasoning or his entreaties, came to the royal

banquet.  The king was wonderfully pleased because he had gained this point.

Moreover, there were guests present who had been invited as if to a festival;

men of the highest and most illustrious rank,--the prefect, who was also

consul, named Evodius, one of the most righteous men that ever lived; two

courtiers possessed of the greatest power, the brother and uncle of the king,

while between these two, the presbyter of Martin had taken his place; but he

himself occupied a seat which was set quite close to the king.  About the

middle of the banquet, according to custom, one of the servants presented a

goblet to the king.  He orders it rather to be given to the very holy bishop,

expecting and hoping that he should then receive the cup from his right hand.

But Martin, when he had drunk, handed the goblet to his own presbyter, as

thinking no one worthier to drink next to himself, and holding that it would,

not be right for him to prefer either the king himself, or those who were next

the king, to the presbyter.  And the emperor, as well as all those who were

then present, admired this conduct so much, that this very thing, by which

they had been undervalued, gave them pleasure.  The report then ran through

the whole palace that Martin had done, at the king's dinner, what no bishop

had dared to do at the banquets of the lowest judges.  And Martin predicted to

the same Maximus long before, that if he went into Italy to which he then

desired to go, waging war, against the Emperor Valentinianus, it would come to

pass that he should know he would [2] indeed be victorious in the first

attack, but would perish a short time afterwards.  And we have seen that this

did in fact take place.  For, on his first arrival Valentinianus had to betake

himself to flight but recovering his strength about a year afterwards, Maximus

was taken and slain by him within the walls of Aquileia.

Notes for Chapter 20

     1. "Regni necessitatem"--an awkward expression.

     2. There is considerable confusion in this sentence.

CHAPTER XXI.

Martin has to do both with Angels and Devils.

    IT is also well known that angels were very often seen by him, so that

they spoke in turns with him in set speech.  As to the devil, Martin held him

so visible and ever under the power of his eyes, that whether he kept himself

in his proper form, or changed himself into different shapes of spiritual

wickedness, he was perceived by Martin, under whatever guise he appeared.  The

devil knew well that he could not escape discovery, and therefore frequently

heaped insults upon Martin, being unable to beguile him by trickery.  On one

occasion the devil, holding in his hand the bloody horn of an ox, rushed into

Martin's cell with great noise, and holding out to him his bloody right hand,

while at the same time he exulted in the crime he had committed, said: "Where,

O Martin, is thy power? I have just slain one of your people."  Then Martin

assembled the brethren, and related to them what the devil had disclosed,

while he ordered them carefully to search the several cells in order to

discover who had been visited with this calamity.  They report that no one of

the monks was missing, but that one peasant, hired by them, had gone to the

forest to bring home wood in his wagon.  Upon hearing this, Martin instructs

some of them to go and meet him.  On their doing so, the man was found almost

dead at no great distance from the monastery.  Nevertheless, although just

drawing his last breath, he made known to the brethren the cause of his wound

and death.  He said that, while he was drawing tighter the thongs which had

got loose on the oxen yoked together, one of the oxen, throwing his head free,

had wounded him with his horn in the groin.  And not long after the man

expired.  You [1] see with what judgment of the Lord this power was given to

the devil.  This was a marvelous feature in Martin that not only on this

occasion to which I have specially referred, but on many occasions of the same

kind, in fact as often as such things occurred, he perceived them long

beforehand, and [2] disclosed the things which had been revealed to him to the

brethren.

---

Notes for Chapter 21

     1. Halm reads the imperative "videris," "consider."

     2. Halm reads "aut sibi nuntiata fratribus indicabat."

CHAPTER XXII.

Martin preaches Repentance even to the Devil.

    NOW, the devil, while he tried to impose upon the holy man by a thousand

injurious arts, often thrust himself upon him in a visible form, but in very

various shapes.  For sometimes he presented himself to his view changed into

the person of Jupiter, often into that of Mercury and Minerva.  Often, too,

were heard words of reproach, in which the crowd of demons assailed Martin

with scurrilous expressions.  But knowing that all were false and groundless,

he was not affected by the charges brought against him.  Moreover, some of the

brethren bore witness that they had heard a demon reproaching Martin in

abusive terms, and asking why he had taken back, on their subsequent

repentance, certain of the brethren who had, some time previously, lost their

baptism by falling into various errors.  The demon set forth the crimes of

each of them; but they added that Martin, resisting the devil firmly, answered

him, that by-past sins are cleansed away by the leading of a better life, and

that through the mercy of God, those are to be absolved from their sins who

have given up their evil ways.  The devil saying in opposition to this that

such guilty men as those referred to did not come within the pale of pardon,

and that no mercy was extended by the Lord to those who had once fallen away,

Martin is said to have cried out in words to the following effect: "If thou,

thyself, wretched being, wouldst but desist from attacking mankind, and even,

at this period, when the day of judgment is at hand, wouldst only repent of

your deeds, I, with a true confidence in the Lord, would promise you the mercy

of Christ." [1]  O what a holy boldness with respect to the loving-kindness of

the Lord, in which, although he could not assert authority, he nevertheless

showed the feelings dwelling within him!  And since our discourse has here

sprung up concerning the devil and his devices, it does not seem away from the

point, although the matter does not bear immediately upon Martin, to relate

what took place; both because the virtues of Martin do, to some extent, appear

in the transaction, and the incident, which was worthy of a miracle, will

properly be put on record, with the view of furnishing a caution, should

anything of a similar character subsequently occur.

Note for Chapter 22

     1. This is a truly noteworthy passage.  It anticipates a well-known

sentiment of Burns, the national bard of Scotland.  In his Address to the

Deil, Burns has said that if the great enemy would only "tak a thocht an'

men'," he might still have a chance of safety, and this idea seems very much

in accordance with the opinion of St. Martin as expressed above.  Hornius,

however, is very indignant on account of it, and exclaims: "Intolerabilis hic

Martini error.  Nec Sulpicius excusatione sue demit, sed auget.  Origenes

primus ejus erroris author."

CHAPTER XXIII.

A Case of Diabolic Deception.

    THERE was a certain man, Clarus by name, a most noble youth, who

afterwards became a presbyter, and who is now, through his happy departure

from this world, numbered among the saints.  He, leaving all others, betook

himself to Martin, and in a short time became distinguished for the most

exalted faith, and for all sorts of excellence.  Now, it came to pass that,

when he had erected an abode for himself not far from the monastery of the

bishop, and many brethren were staying with him, a certain youth, Anatolius by

name, having, under the profession of a monk, falsely assumed every appearance

of humility and innocence, came to him, and lived for some time on the common

store along with the rest.  Then, as time went on, he began to affirm that

angels were in the habit of talking with him.  As no one gave any credit to

his words, he urged a number of the brethren to believe by certain signs.  At

length he went to such a length as to declare that angels passed between him

and God; and now he wished that he should be regarded as one of the prophets.

Clarus, however, could by no means be induced to believe.  He then began to

threaten Clarus with the anger of God and present afflictions, because he did

not believe one of the saints.  At the last, he is related to have burst forth

with the following declaration: "Behold, the Lord will this night give me a

white robe out of heaven, clothed in which, I will dwell in the midst of you;

and that will be to you a sign that I am the Power of God, inasmuch as I have

been presented with the garment of God."  Then truly the expectation of all

was highly raised by this profession.  Accordingly, about the middle of the

night, it was seen, by the noise of people moving eagerly about, that the

whole monastery in the place was excited.  It might be seen, too, that the

cell in which the young man referred to lived was glittering with numerous

lights; and the whisperings of those moving about in it, as well as a kind of

murmur of many. voices, could be heard.  Then, on silence being secured, the

youth coming forth calls one of the brethren, Sabatius by name, to himself,

and shows him the robe in which he had been clothed.  He again, filled with

amazement, gathers the rest together, and Clarus himself also runs up; and a

light being obtained, they all carefully inspect the garment.  Now, it was of

the utmost softness, of marvelous brightness, and of glittering purple, and

yet no one could discover what was its nature, or of what sort of fleece it

had been formed.  However, when it was more minutely examined by the eyes or

fingers, it seemed nothing else than a garment.  In the meantime, Clarus urges

upon the brethren to be earnest in prayer, that the Lord would show them more

clearly what it really was.  Accordingly, the rest of the night was spent in

singing hymns and psalms.  But when day broke, Clarus wished to take the young

man by the hand, and bring him to Martin, being well aware that he could not

be deceived by any arts of the devil.  Then, indeed, the miserable man began

to resist and refuse, and affirmed that he had been forbidden to show himself

to Martin.  And when they compelled him to go against his will, the garment

vanished from among the hands of those who were conducting him.  Wherefore,

who can doubt that this, too, was an illustration of the power of Martin, so

that the devil could no longer dissemble or conceal his own deception, when it

was to be submitted to the eyes of Martin?

CHAPTER XXIV.

Martin is tempted by the Wiles of the Devil.

    IT was found, again, that about the same time there was a young man in

Spain, who, having by many signs obtained for himself authority among the

people, was puffed up to such a pitch that he gave himself out as being Elias.

And when multitudes had too readily believed this, he went on to say that he

was actually Christ; and he succeeded so well even in this delusion that a

certain bishop named Rufus worshiped him as being the Lord.  For so doing, we

have seen this bishop at a later date deprived of his office.  Many of the

brethren have also informed me that at the same time one arose in the East,

who boasted that he was John.  We may infer from this, since false prophets of

such a kind have appeared, that the coming of Antichrist is at hand; for he is

already practicing in these persons the mystery of iniquity.  And truly I

think this point should not be passed over, with what arts the devil about

this very time tempted Martin.  For, on a certain day, prayer [1] having been

previously offered, and the fiend himself being surrounded by a purple light,

in order that he might the more easily deceive people by the brilliance of the

splendor assumed, clothed also in a royal robe, and with a crown of precious

stones and gold encircling his head, his shoes too being inlaid with gold,

while he presented a tranquil countenance, and a generally rejoicing aspect,

so that no such thought as that he was the devil might be entertained--he

stood by the side of Martin as he was praying in his cell.  The saint being

dazzled by his first appearance, both preserved a long and deep silence.  This

was first broken by the devil, who said: "Acknowledge, Martin, who it is that

you behold.  I am Christ; and being just about to descend to earth, I wished

first to manifest myself to thee."  When Martin kept silence on hearing these

words, and gave no answer whatever, the devil dared to repeat his audacious

declaration: "Martin, why do you hesitate to believe, when you see? I am

Christ."  Then Martin, the Spirit revealing the truth to him, that he might

understand it was the devil, and not God, replied as follows: "The Lord Jesus

did not predict that he would come clothed in purple, and with a glittering

crown upon his head.  I will not believe that Christ has come, unless he

appears with that appearance and form in which he suffered, and openly

displaying the marks of his wounds upon the cross."  On hearing these words,

the devil vanished like smoke, and filled the cell with such a disgusting

smell, that he left unmistakable evidences of his real character.  This event,

as I have just related, took place in the way which I have stated, and my

information regarding it was derived from the lips of Martin himself;

therefore let no one regard it as fabulous. [2]

Notes for Chapter 24

     1. "Prece" for the usual reading "prae se."

     2. In spite of the combined piety of Martin and Sulpitius here referred

to, few will have any doubt as to the real character of this narrative.

CHAPTER XXV.

Intercourse of Sulpitius with Martin.

    FOR since I, having long heard accounts of his faith, life and virtues,

burned with a desire of knowing him, I undertook what was to me a pleasant

journey for the purpose of seeing him.  At the same time, because already my

mind was inflamed with the desire of writing his life, I obtained my

information partly from himself, in so far as I could venture to question him,

and partly from those who had lived with him, or well knew the facts of the

case.  And at this time it is scarcely credible with what humility and with

what kindness he received me; while he cordially wished me joy, and rejoiced

in the Lord that he had been held in such high estimation by me that I had

undertaken a journey owing to my desire of seeing him.  Unworthy me! (in fact,

I hardly dare acknowledge it), that he should have deigned to admit me to

fellowship with him!  He went so far as in person to present me with water to

wash my hands, and at eventide he himself washed my feet; nor had I sufficient

courage to resist or oppose his doing so.  In fact, I felt so overcome by the

authority he unconsciously exerted, that I deemed it unlawful to do anything

but acquiesce in his arrangements.  His conversation with me was all directed

to such points as the following: that the allurements of this world and

secular burdens were to be abandoned in order that we might be free and

unencumbered in following the Lord Jesus; and he pressed upon me as an

admirable example in present circumstances the conduct of that distinguished

man Paulinus, of whom I have made mention above.  Martin declared of him that,

by parting with his great possessions and following Christ, as he did, he

showed himself almost the only one who in these times had fully obeyed the

precepts of the Gospel.  He insisted strongly that that was the man who should

be made the object of our imitation, adding that the present age was fortunate

in possessing such a model of faith and virtue.  For Paulinus, being rich and

having many possessions, by selling them all and giving them to the poor

according to the expressed will of the Lord, had, he said, made possible by

actual proof what appeared impossible of accomplishment.  What power and

dignity there were in Martin's words and conversation!  How active he was, how

practical, and how prompt and ready in solving questions connected with

Scripture!  And because I know that many are incredulous on this point,--for

indeed I have met with persons who did not believe me when I related such

things,--I call to witness Jesus, and our common hope as Christians, that I

never heard from any other lips than those of Martin such exhibitions of

knowledge and genius, or such specimens of good and pure speech.  But yet, how

insignificant is all such praise when compared with the virtues which he

possessed!  Still, it is remarkable that in a man who had no claim to be

called learned, even this attribute [of high intelligence] was not wanting.

CHAPTER XXVI.

Words cannot describe the Excellences of Martin.

    BUT now my book must be brought to an end, and my discourse finished. 

This is not because all that was worthy of being said concerning Martin is now

exhausted, but because I, just as sluggish poets grow less careful towards the

end of their work, give over, being baffled by the immensity of the matter.

For, although his outward deeds could in some sort of way be set forth in

words, no language, I truly own, can ever be capable of describing his inner

life and daily conduct, and his mind always bent upon the things of heaven. 

No one can adequately make known his perseverance and self-mastery in

abstinence and fastings, or his power in watchings and prayers, along with the

nights, as well as days, which were spent by him, while not a moment was

separated from the service of God, either for indulging in ease, or engaging

in business.  But, in fact, he did not indulge either in food or sleep, except

in so far as the necessities of nature required.  I freely confess that, if,

as the saying is, Homer himself were to ascend from the shades below, he could

not do justice to this subject in words; to such an extent did all excellences

surpass in Martin the possibility of being embodied in language.  Never did a

single hour or moment pass in which he was not either actually engaged in

prayer; or, if it happened that he was occupied with something else, still he

never let his mind loose from prayer.  In truth, just as it is the custom of

blacksmiths, in the midst of their work to beat their own anvil as a sort of

relief to the laborer, so Martin even when he appeared to be doing something

else, was still engaged in prayer.  O truly blessed man in whom there was no

guile--judging no man, condemning no man, returning evil for evil to no man!

He displayed indeed such marvelous patience in the endurance of injuries, that

even when he was chief [1] priest, he allowed himself to be wronged by the

lowest clerics with impunity; nor did he either remove them from the office on

account of such conduct, or, as far as in him lay, repel them from a place in

his affection.

Note for Chapter 26

     1. "Summus sacerdos": "that is," remarks Hornius, "bishop.  They were

also in those ages styled Popes (Papae).  This is clear from Cyprian, Jerome,

and others of a much later age."

CHAPTER XXVII.

Wonderful Piety of  Martin.

    NO one ever saw him enraged, or excited, or lamenting, or laughing; he was

always one and the same: displaying a kind of heavenly happiness in his

countenance, he seemed to have passed the ordinary limits of human nature.

Never was there any word on his lips but Christ, and never was there a feeling

in his heart except piety, peace, and tender mercy.  Frequently, too, he used

to weep for the sins of those who showed themselves his revilers--those who,

as he led his retired and tranquil life, slandered him with poisoned tongue

and a viper's mouth.  And truly we have had experience of some who were

envious of his virtues and his life--who really hated in him what they did not

see in themselves, and what they had not power to imitate.  And--O wickedness

worthy of deepest grief and groans!--some of his calumniators, although very

few, some of his maligners, I say, were reported to be no others than bishops!

Here, however, it is not necessary to name any one, although a good many of

these people are still venting [1] their spleen against myself.  I shall deem

it sufficient that, if any one of them reads this account, and perceives that

he is himself pointed at, he may have the grace to blush.  But if, on the

other hand, he shows anger, he will, by that very fact, own that he is among

those spoken of, though all the time perhaps I have been thinking of some

other person.  I shall, however, by no means feel ashamed if any people of

that sort include myself in their hatred along with such a man as Martin.  I

am quite persuaded of this, that the present little work will give pleasure to

all truly good men.  And I shall only say further that, if any one read this

narrative in an unbelieving spirit, he himself will fall into sin.  I am

conscious to myself that I have been induced by belief in the facts, and by

the love of Christ, to write these things; and that, in doing so, I have set

forth what is well known, and recorded what is true; and, as I trust, that man

will have a reward prepared by God, not who shall read these things but who

shall believe them. [2]

Notes for Chapter 27

     1. Lit. "are barking round about."

     2. It seems extremely difficult (to recur to the point once more), after

reading this account of St. Martin by Sulpitius, to form any certain

conclusion regarding it.  The writer so frequently and solemnly assures us of

his good faith, and there is such a verisimilitude about the style, that it

appears impossible to accept the theory of willful deception on the part of

the writer.  And then, he was so intimately acquainted with the subject of his

narrative, that he could hardly have accepted fictions for facts, or failed in

his estimate of the friend he so much admired and loved.  Altogether, this

Life of St. Martin seems to bring before us one of the puzzles of history. 

The saint himself must evidently have been a very extraordinary man, to

impress one of the talents and learning of Sulpitius so remarkably as he did;

but it is extremely hard to say how far the miraculous narratives, which enter

so largely into the account before us, were due to pure invention, or

unconscious hallucination.  Milner remarks (Church History, II. 193), "I

should be ashamed, as well as think the labor ill spent, to recite the stories

at length which Sulpitius gives us."  See, on the other side, Cardinal

Newman's Essays on Miracles, p. 127, 209, &c.